/*!
* Original work Copyright (c) 2016 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
* Modified work Copyright (c) 2020-2024 Fabio Sigrist. All rights reserved.
* Licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0 See LICENSE file in the project root for license information.
*/
#ifndef LIGHTGBM_OBJECTIVE_MULTICLASS_OBJECTIVE_HPP_
#define LIGHTGBM_OBJECTIVE_MULTICLASS_OBJECTIVE_HPP_

#include <LightGBM/network.h>
#include <LightGBM/objective_function.h>

#include <string>
#include <algorithm>
#include <cmath>
#include <cstring>
#include <memory>
#include <vector>

#include "binary_objective.hpp"

namespace LightGBM {
/*!
* \brief Objective function for multiclass classification, use softmax as objective functions
*/
class MulticlassSoftmax: public ObjectiveFunction {
 public:
  explicit MulticlassSoftmax(const Config& config) {
    num_class_ = config.num_class;
    // This factor is to rescale the redundant form of K-classification, to the non-redundant form.
    // In the traditional settings of K-classification, there is one redundant class, whose output is set to 0 (like the class 0 in binary classification).
    // This is from the Friedman GBDT paper.
    factor_ = static_cast<double>(num_class_) / (num_class_ - 1.0f);
  }

  explicit MulticlassSoftmax(const std::vector<std::string>& strs) {
    num_class_ = -1;
    for (auto str : strs) {
      auto tokens = Common::Split(str.c_str(), ':');
      if (tokens.size() == 2) {
        if (tokens[0] == std::string("num_class")) {
          Common::Atoi(tokens[1].c_str(), &num_class_);
        }
      }
    }
    if (num_class_ < 0) {
      Log::Fatal("Objective should contain num_class field");
    }
    factor_ = static_cast<double>(num_class_) / (num_class_ - 1.0f);
  }

  ~MulticlassSoftmax() {
  }

  void Init(const Metadata& metadata, data_size_t num_data) override {
    num_data_ = num_data;
    label_ = metadata.label();
    weights_ = metadata.weights();
    label_int_.resize(num_data_);
    class_init_probs_.resize(num_class_, 0.0);
    double sum_weight = 0.0;
    for (int i = 0; i < num_data_; ++i) {
      label_int_[i] = static_cast<int>(label_[i]);
      if (label_int_[i] < 0 || label_int_[i] >= num_class_) {
        Log::Fatal("Label must be in [0, %d), but found %d in label", num_class_, label_int_[i]);
      }
      if (weights_ == nullptr) {
        class_init_probs_[label_int_[i]] += 1.0;
      } else {
        class_init_probs_[label_int_[i]] += weights_[i];
        sum_weight += weights_[i];
      }
    }
    if (weights_ == nullptr) {
      sum_weight = num_data_;
    }
    if (Network::num_machines() > 1) {
      sum_weight = Network::GlobalSyncUpBySum(sum_weight);
      for (int i = 0; i < num_class_; ++i) {
        class_init_probs_[i] = Network::GlobalSyncUpBySum(class_init_probs_[i]);
      }
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < num_class_; ++i) {
      class_init_probs_[i] /= sum_weight;
    }
  }

  void GetGradients(const double* score, score_t* gradients, score_t* hessians) const override {
    if (weights_ == nullptr) {
      std::vector<double> rec;
      #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static) private(rec)
      for (data_size_t i = 0; i < num_data_; ++i) {
        rec.resize(num_class_);
        for (int k = 0; k < num_class_; ++k) {
          size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(num_data_) * k + i;
          rec[k] = static_cast<double>(score[idx]);
        }
        Common::Softmax(&rec);
        for (int k = 0; k < num_class_; ++k) {
          auto p = rec[k];
          size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(num_data_) * k + i;
          if (label_int_[i] == k) {
            gradients[idx] = static_cast<score_t>(p - 1.0f);
          } else {
            gradients[idx] = static_cast<score_t>(p);
          }
          hessians[idx] = static_cast<score_t>(factor_ * p * (1.0f - p));
        }
      }
    } else {
      std::vector<double> rec;
      #pragma omp parallel for schedule(static) private(rec)
      for (data_size_t i = 0; i < num_data_; ++i) {
        rec.resize(num_class_);
        for (int k = 0; k < num_class_; ++k) {
          size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(num_data_) * k + i;
          rec[k] = static_cast<double>(score[idx]);
        }
        Common::Softmax(&rec);
        for (int k = 0; k < num_class_; ++k) {
          auto p = rec[k];
          size_t idx = static_cast<size_t>(num_data_) * k + i;
          if (label_int_[i] == k) {
            gradients[idx] = static_cast<score_t>((p - 1.0f) * weights_[i]);
          } else {
            gradients[idx] = static_cast<score_t>((p) * weights_[i]);
          }
          hessians[idx] = static_cast<score_t>((factor_ * p * (1.0f - p))* weights_[i]);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  void ConvertOutput(const double* input, double* output) const override {
    Common::Softmax(input, output, num_class_);
  }

  const char* GetName() const override {
    return "multiclass";
  }

  std::string ToString() const override {
    std::stringstream str_buf;
    str_buf << GetName() << " ";
    str_buf << "num_class:" << num_class_;
    return str_buf.str();
  }

  bool SkipEmptyClass() const override { return true; }

  int NumModelPerIteration() const override { return num_class_; }

  int NumPredictOneRow() const override { return num_class_; }

  bool NeedAccuratePrediction() const override { return false; }

  double BoostFromScore(int class_id) const override {
    return std::log(std::max<double>(kEpsilon, class_init_probs_[class_id]));
  }

  bool ClassNeedTrain(int class_id) const override {
    if (std::fabs(class_init_probs_[class_id]) <= kEpsilon
        || std::fabs(class_init_probs_[class_id]) >= 1.0 - kEpsilon) {
      return false;
    } else {
      return true;
    }
  }

 private:
  double factor_;
  /*! \brief Number of data */
  data_size_t num_data_;
  /*! \brief Number of classes */
  int num_class_;
  /*! \brief Pointer of label */
  const label_t* label_;
  /*! \brief Corresponding integers of label_ */
  std::vector<int> label_int_;
  /*! \brief Weights for data */
  const label_t* weights_;
  std::vector<double> class_init_probs_;
};

/*!
* \brief Objective function for multiclass classification, use one-vs-all binary objective function
*/
class MulticlassOVA: public ObjectiveFunction {
 public:
  explicit MulticlassOVA(const Config& config) {
    num_class_ = config.num_class;
    for (int i = 0; i < num_class_; ++i) {
      binary_loss_.emplace_back(
        new BinaryLogloss(config, [i](label_t label) { return static_cast<int>(label) == i; }));
    }
    sigmoid_ = config.sigmoid;
  }

  explicit MulticlassOVA(const std::vector<std::string>& strs) {
    num_class_ = -1;
    sigmoid_ = -1;
    for (auto str : strs) {
      auto tokens = Common::Split(str.c_str(), ':');
      if (tokens.size() == 2) {
        if (tokens[0] == std::string("num_class")) {
          Common::Atoi(tokens[1].c_str(), &num_class_);
        } else if (tokens[0] == std::string("sigmoid")) {
          Common::Atof(tokens[1].c_str(), &sigmoid_);
        }
      }
    }
    if (num_class_ < 0) {
      Log::Fatal("Objective should contain num_class field");
    }
    if (sigmoid_ <= 0.0) {
      Log::Fatal("Sigmoid parameter %f should be greater than zero", sigmoid_);
    }
  }

  ~MulticlassOVA() {
  }

  void Init(const Metadata& metadata, data_size_t num_data) override {
    num_data_ = num_data;
    for (int i = 0; i < num_class_; ++i) {
      binary_loss_[i]->Init(metadata, num_data);
    }
  }

  void GetGradients(const double* score, score_t* gradients, score_t* hessians) const override {
    for (int i = 0; i < num_class_; ++i) {
      int64_t offset = static_cast<int64_t>(num_data_) * i;
      binary_loss_[i]->GetGradients(score + offset, gradients + offset, hessians + offset);
    }
  }

  const char* GetName() const override {
    return "multiclassova";
  }

  void ConvertOutput(const double* input, double* output) const override {
    for (int i = 0; i < num_class_; ++i) {
      output[i] = 1.0f / (1.0f + std::exp(-sigmoid_ * input[i]));
    }
  }

  std::string ToString() const override {
    std::stringstream str_buf;
    str_buf << GetName() << " ";
    str_buf << "num_class:" << num_class_ << " ";
    str_buf << "sigmoid:" << sigmoid_;
    return str_buf.str();
  }

  bool SkipEmptyClass() const override { return true; }

  int NumModelPerIteration() const override { return num_class_; }

  int NumPredictOneRow() const override { return num_class_; }

  bool NeedAccuratePrediction() const override { return false; }

  double BoostFromScore(int class_id) const override {
    return binary_loss_[class_id]->BoostFromScore(0);
  }

  bool ClassNeedTrain(int class_id) const override {
    return binary_loss_[class_id]->ClassNeedTrain(0);
  }

 private:
  /*! \brief Number of data */
  data_size_t num_data_;
  /*! \brief Number of classes */
  int num_class_;
  std::vector<std::unique_ptr<BinaryLogloss>> binary_loss_;
  double sigmoid_;
};

}  // namespace LightGBM
#endif   // LightGBM_OBJECTIVE_MULTICLASS_OBJECTIVE_HPP_
